Non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW) includes industrial processing residuals such as iron and steel slag, combustion ash, foundry sands, pulp and paper mill wastes, industrial wastewater sludge, and a variety of other materials not subject to hazardous waste regulations. This is a pervasive and important waste stream, not least because many of its constituents have been demonstrated to be useful substitutes for raw materials throughout the economy. In the United States, there is no regular process for assessing the quantity and…